RFC1705: Six Virtual Inches to the Left: The Problem with IPng
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Related keywords:
(IPng)
(White paper)
Network Working Group: R. Carlson
Request for Comments: 1705 ANL
Category: Informational D. Ficarella
Motorola
October 1994
Six Virtual Inches to the Left:
The Problem with IPng
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document was submitted to the IETF IPng area in response to RFC
1550. Publication of this document does not imply acceptance by the
IPng area of any ideas expressed within. Comments should be
submitted to the big-internet@munnari.oz.au mailing list.
Overview
This RFC suggests that a new version of TCP (TCPng), and UDP, be
developed and deployed. It proposes that a globally unique address
(TA) be assigned to Transport layer protocol (TCP/UDP). The purpose
of this TA is to uniquely identify an Internet node without
specifying any routing information. A new version of TCP, and UDP,
will need to be developed describing the new header fields and
formats. This new version of TCP would contain support for high
bandwidth-delay networks. Support for multiple network layer
(Internet Protocol) protocols is also possible with this new TCP.
Assigning an address to TCP/UDP would allow for the support of
multiple network layer protocols (IPng's). The TA would identify the
location of an Internet node. The IPng layer would provide routing
information to the Internet. Separating the location and routing
functions will greatly increase the versatility of the Internet.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Historical perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 OSI and the 7 layer model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Internet Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 The Reasons for Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3.1 Class-B Address Exhaustion . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3.2 Routing Table Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. The Problems with Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1 TCP/UDP Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 User Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 The Entrenched Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Making TCP & UDP Protocol Independent . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1 Transport Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2 TCPng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3 Mandatory Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4 Optional Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.5 Compatibility Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.5.1 Backward Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.6 Level 4 Gateways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.7 Error Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5. Advantages and Disadvantages of this approach . . . . . . . . 18
6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Appendix D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1. Introduction
For more than a decade, network engineers have understood the
benefits of a multi-layer protocol stack. However, during its
development, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) was strongly
linked to the Internet Protocol (IP) [Postel, 1981a]. When the TCP/IP
protocol suite was developed, two important ideas were implemented.
The first was that each host would be uniquely identified by a
network layer number (i.e., IP number = 192.0.2.1). The second was to
identify an application with a transport layer port number (i.e., TCP
DNS number = 53). For host-to-host communications, the IP and port
numbers would be concatenated to form a socket (i.e., 192.0.2.1.53).
While this has lead to a very efficient and streamlined TCP layer, it
has tightly coupled the TCP and IP layers. So much so, in fact, that
it is nearly impossible to run TCP over any network layer except for
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IP.
The motivation for writing this paper resulted from research into the
various Internet Protocol Next Generation (IPng) proposals put forth
by various IETF working groups. Each of the IPng proposals strives to
solve the impending IP address exhaustion problem by increasing the
size of the address field. They all allude to modifications to TCP
and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to make them capable of supporting a
new network layer IPng protocol. The authors of this paper feel that
this points to an inherent TCP/IP design flaw. The flaw is namely
that the transport (TCP) and network (IP) layers are not protocol
independent. In this paper, we will propose a new TCP and UDP
implementation that will make the transport and protocol layers
independent and thus allow for any of the IPng protocols to operate
on the same internet without any further modification to the higher
layer protocols. TCP, and UDP would become extremely powerful
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that operate effectively
over multiple network layer technologies.
2. Historical perspective
2.1 OSI and the 7 layer model
Present day computer and communication systems have become
increasingly heterogeneous in both their software and hardware
complexity, as well as their intended functionality. Prior to the
establishment of computer communications industry standards,
proprietary standards followed by particular software and hardware
manufacturers prevented communication and information exchange
between different manufacturers products and therefore lead to many
"closed systems" [Halsal, 1992] incapable of readily sharing
information. With the proliferation of these types of systems in the
mid 1970s, the potential advantages of "open systems" where
recognized by the computer industry and a range of standards started
to be introduced [Halsal, 1992].
The first and perhaps most important of these standards was the
International Standards Organization (ISO) reference model for Open
Systems Interconnection standard (OSI), describing the complete
communication subsystem within each computer. The goal of this
standard model was to "allow an application process in any computer
that supports a particular set of standards to communicate freely
with an application process in any other computer that supports the
same standards, irrespective of its origin of manufacture" [Halsal,
1992]. The last statement above describes the OSI 7-layer model
which has now, in concept, become the fundamental building block of
computer networks. Though there are arguably no present day
computers and networks completely compliant to all 7 layers of the
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OSI protocol stack, most protocol stacks do embrace the fundamental
concept of independent layers, thus allowing the flexibility for
computers operating with dissimilar protocol stacks to communicate
with one another.
Take for example, the datalink layers as supported by TCP/IP. TCP/IP
will run equally well in either the local area network (LAN) or wide
area network (WAN) environments. Even though the LAN may use Ethernet
802.3 and the WAN may use T1 serial links. This function was designed
to present a "standardized set of network functions (i.e., a logical
network)", to the upper network layer, "regardless of the exact
details of the lower level implementations" [Meyer, Zobrist, 1990].
2.2 Internet Evolution
"The internet architecture, the grand plan behind the TCP/IP protocol
suite" was developed and tested in the late 1970s, [Braden, et al,
1991] and but for the addition of subnetting, autonomous systems, and
the domain name system in the early 1980s and the more recent IP
multicasting implementation, stands today essentially unchanged. Even
with the understood benefits of a multi-layer protocol stack, all
steps taken to enhance the internet and its services have been very
incremental and narrowly focused.
2.3 The Reasons for Change
The reasons for change from IP to IPng can be described in terms of
problems for which the current IP will simply become inadequate and
unusable in the near future (~2-4 years). These problems are the
exhaustion of IP class B address space, the exhaustion of IP address
space in general, and the non-hierarchical nature of address
allocation leading to a flat routing space [Dixon, 1993].
2.3.1 Class-B Address Exhaustion
One of the fundamental causes of this problem is the lack of a class
of network address appropriate for a mid-sized organization. The
class-C address, with a maximum of 254 unique host addresses is to
small, while class-B, with a maximum of in excess of 65 thousand
unique host addresses is to large [Fuller, et al, 1992]. As a
result, class-B addresses get assigned even though nowhere near the
number of available addresses will ever get used. This fact, combined
with a doubling of class-B address allocation on a yearly basis lead
the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) to conclude in
November, 1992 that the class-B address space would be completely
exhausted within 2 years time. At that point, class-C addresses
would have to be assigned, sometimes in multiples, to organizations
needing more than the 254 possible host addresses from a single
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class-C address [Almquist, Gross, 1992].
2.3.2 Routing Table Growth
Based on research conducted by the IESG in November 1992, definite
routing table size explosion problems were identified. Namely, it was
determined that current router technology at that point could support
a maximum of 16,000 routes, which in turn could support the internet
for an additional 12 to 18 months (~May, 1994) at the then twofold
annual network growth rate. However, vendor router maximum
capabilities were in the process of being increased to 64,000 routes,
which at the two-fold annual network growth rate, could bring us an
additional 2 years of lead time, (at best bringing us to May, 1996,
and at worst to November, 1995) assuming the class-B address
exhaustion problem mentioned above could be solved in the interim
[Almquist, Gross, 1992].
As a short term, incremental solution to this routing table growth
problem, and to aid in the class-B address exhaustion problem the
IESG endorsed the CIDR supernetting strategy proposal (see RFC-1338
for full details of this proposal). However, this strategy was
estimated to have a viability of approximately 3 years, at which
point the internet would run out of all classes of IP addresses in
general. Hence, it is clear that even CIDR only offers temporary
relief. However, if implemented immediately, CIDR can afford the
Internet community time to develop and deploy an approach to
addressing and routing which allows scaling to orders of magnitude
larger than the current architecture (IPng).
3. The Problems with Change
There are many problems, both philosophical and technical, which
greatly contribute to the difficulties associated with a large scale
change such as the one proposed in the conversion from IP to IPng.
These problems range from having to rewrite highly utilized and
entrenched user applications, such as NFS, RPC, etc, to potentially
having to invest additional capital to purchase hardware that
supports the new protocol(s). This proposal solves the urgent
internet problems listed above, while simultaneously limiting the
amounts of retraining and re- investing that the user community would
have to undertake. The TCP layer will once and for all be changed to
support a multiprotocol internet. The net affect is that while
administrators will necessarily be trained in the operations and
details of this new TCP, the much larger operator and end user
community will experience no perceptible change in service and
network usage.
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3.1 TCP/UDP Implementations
Both TCP and UDP are highly dependent on the IPv4 network layer for 2
very low level reasons. 1) a TCP/UDP socket is formed by
concatenating a network layer address (IP address) and the transport
layer TCP/UDP port number. 2) included in the TCP/UDP checksum
calculation are the IP layer source and destination addresses
mentioned above which are transferred across the TCP/IP [Postel,
1981b] or UDP/IP [Postel, 1980] interfaces as procedure call
arguments. It should be noted at this point that the reason for such
strong dependence between the transport and network layers in TCP/IP
or UDP/IP is to insure a globally unique TCP/UDP layer address, such
that a unique connection could be identified by a pair of sockets.
The authors of this paper propose that the IP address requirement
with TCP and UDP be replaced with a globally unique transport address
(TA) concatenated with a transport layer port address. This solution
offers the capability to still maintain a globally unique address and
host unique port number with the added benefit of eliminating the
transport and network layer dependence on one another.
3.2 User Applications
In addition to TCP and UDP, there are a large number of firmly
entrenched higher level applications that use the IP network layer
address embedded internally, and would therefore require modification
for use with the proposed IPng network layer schemes. These
applications include, but are not limited to Network File System
(NFS), Remote Procedure Call (RPC), and File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
All of these applications should be modified to use the Internet
Domain name to identify the remote node, and not an embedded,
protocol dependent IP address.
3.3 The Entrenched Masses
Will users voluntarily give up their IPv4 systems to move to IPng?
It seems likely that many users will resist the change. They will
perceive no benefit and will not install the new software. Making
the local Internet contact responsible may not be feasible or
practical in all cases. Another issue is backward compatibility
issues. If a host needs to run IPng and IPv4 to support old hosts,
then 1) where is the address savings IPng promised. 2) Why change if
the host you are talking to has IPv4 anyway?
On the other hand, replacing the existing TCP (TCPv6) with this new
version (TCPng) will benefit users in several ways. 1) Users will be
able to connect to unmodified TCPv6 hosts. 2) As nodes upgrade to
TCPng, new features will be enabled allowing TCP to communicate
effectively over high bandwidth*delay network links. 3) System
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administrators will be able to incrementally upgrade nodes as needed
or as local conditions demand. 4) Upgraded nodes may return their
IPv4 address and use an IPng address and TCP transporter function,
described later, to communicate with IPv4 hosts.
4. Making TCP & UDP Protocol Independent
The OSI 7 layer model specifies that each layer be independent of the
adjacent layers. What is specified is the interface between layers.
This allows layers to be replaced and/or modified without making
changes to the other layers. As was pointed out previously, the TCP
and UDP transport layers violate this precept. In the following
discussion, when we refer to TCP we mean both the TCP and UDP
protocols. The generic term transport layer and TCP will be used
interchangeably.
Overcoming TCP's dependence on IP will require changes to the
structure of the TCP header. The developers and implementors will
also have to change the way they think about TCP and IP. End users
will also have to change the way they view the Internet. Gone will
be the days when Internet node names and IP addresses can be used
interchangeably. The goal of this change is to allow end users to
migrate from the current IPv4 network layer to an IPng layer. What
this IPng protocol is will be left to the Internet Architecture
Board/Internet Engineering Steering Group/Internet Engineering Task
Force (IAB/IESG/IETF) to decide. By adopting this proposal, the
migration will be greatly enhanced.
One of the stated goals of the IAB is to promote a single Internet
protocol suite [Leiner, Rekhter, 1993]. While this is a laudable
goal, we should not be blinded by it. The addition of a Transport
layer address (TA) does not invalidate the IAB's stated goals. It
merely brings the implementation into compliance with standard
networking practices. The historical reasons for concatenating TCP
port numbers to IP numbers has long since passed. The increasing
throughput of transmission lines and the negligible effect of packet
overhead (see appendix A) prove this. The details of assigning and
using TA's are discussed in the next few sections.
4.1 Transport Addressing
A Transport Address (TA) will be assigned to the TCP transport layer
on each Internet node. The purpose of this address is to allow a TCP
on one node to communicate with a TCP on a remote node. Some of the
goals defined in developing this address are:
1. Fixed size -- A fixed size will make parsing easier for
decoding stations.
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2. Minimum impact on TCP packet size -- This information
will need to be carried each TCP packet.
3. Global Uniqueness -- It is desirable (required) to have a
globally unique Transport Address.
4. Automatic Registration -- To reduce implementation
problems, an automatic registration of the TA is
desirable.
The TA will be used when an Internet node attempts to communicate
with another Internet node. Conceptually you can view the TA as
replacing the IP number in every instance it now appears in the
transport layer (i.e., a socket would change from IP#.Port# to
TA#.Port#). A connection setup would thus be:
1. A user starts an application on Node-A and requests
service from Node-B. The user identifies Node-B by
referencing it's Internet Domain Name.
2. The TCP on Node-A makes a Domain Name Service (DNS) call
to determine the TA of Node-B.
3. Node-A constructs a TCP packet using the header Src = TA-
A.port and Dest = TA-B.port and passes this packet down to
the network layer.
4. The IP on Node-A makes a DNS call to determine the IP
address of Node-B. The IP will cache this TA/IP pair for
later use.
5. Node-A constructs an IP packet using the header Src = IP-A
and Dest = IP-B and passes this packet down to the Media
Access layer.
6. Delivery of the packet is identical to the delivery of an
existing Internet IP packet.
7. The IP on Node-B examines the IP Dest address and if it
matches it's own, strips off the header and passes the
data portion up to the TCP. (Note: the packet may have
passed through several IP routers between the source and
destination hosts.)
8. The TCP on Node-B examines the header to determine if the
Dest TA is it's own, if so it passes the data to the
application specified by the port address. If not it
determines if it should perform the transporter function.
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The packet will be forwarded toward the destination or an
error message will be returned.
The above steps represent a quick synopsis of how user applications
may pass data between different Internet nodes. The exact structure
of the network is hidden from the application, allowing the network
to be modified and improved as needed. Using the transporter
function, several different network layers may be traversed when
moving from source to destination (several examples are provided in
appendix D).
One of the underlying assumptions is that the user application must
refrain from making assumptions about the network structure. As
pointed out in section 3, this is not the case for the current
Internet network. User applications that are deployed with this new
TCP must be capable of making this assumption. This means that the
user application should store the Internet Domain Name in it's
internal structure instead of the IPng network number. The domain
name is globally unique and provides enough information to the system
to find the transport and network layer addresses. The user
application must pass the following parameters down to TCP:
1. Destination domain name (Text string)
2. Pointer to data buffer
3. Quality of service indicators
4. Options
When the user application writes data to the network, TCP will return
a nonzero integer to indicate an error condition, or a zero integer
to indicate success. When the user application reads data from the
network, TCP will deliver a pointer to a data buffer back to the
application.
TCP will receive the users request and it will make a DNS call to
determine the destination nodes TA. If DNS returns a TA, TCP will
build a Transmission Control Block (TCB) (see the paragraph below)
and call the network layer. Otherwise, TCP will make a DNS call
looking for the destination nodes IPv4 address. If an address is
returned, TCP will takes the steps listed below in building a TCB,
and call the proper network layer. If DNS returns a host unknown
indication, exit back to the user with a "host unknown" error. TCP
should maintain a cache of domain names and addresses in lieu of
making repeated DNS calls. This feature is highly recommended, but
not required.
The state information needed to keep track of a TCP connection is
kept in the Transmission Control Block (TCB). Currently this
structure has fields for the TCP parameters, source port, destination
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port, window size, sequence number, acknowledgment number, and any
TCP options. The network layer source and destination IP numbers are
also stored here. Finally, the status of the connection (LISTEN,
ESTABLISHED, CLOSING, of the TCP parameters and include the new
source and destination Transport addresses. The existing space for
the IPv4 addresses will be left in place to allow for backward
compatibility. The IPv4 fields will be used if the source is
communicating directly with an unmodified TCP/IP host.
The existing status indicators will remain with their meaning
unchanged. Connection setup will retain the current 3-way handshake.
When performing transporter functions, TCP will NOT build a TCB,
unless the destination is an unmodified IPv4 host (see appendix D).
The TCP connection remains an end-to-end reliable transport service,
regardless of the number of intermediate transporter nodes.
TCP will build an old or new header (defined below) placing the user
application data in the data field. If TCP is communicating directly
with an unmodified IPv4 host, the existing TCP header (STD 7, RFC
793) will be used for comparability reasons. If the destination host
is an unmodified host, and an intermediate transporter node is being
used, this new TCP header must be used with the 'C' bit set to 1.
The destination TA will be set to the IPv4 address, and the packet
will be delivered to the transporter node. If the destination host
is modified with this new TCP, the destination address will be set to
the TA and the packet will be delivered, possibly through a
transporter, to the remote host.
TCP will communicate with it's underlying network layer(s) to deliver
packets to remote hosts. The Internet Assigned Number Authority
(IANA) will assign unique identifiers to each network layer TCP will
support. TCP will maintain a cache of TA's and IANA network layers
numbers, to allow support of multiple network layers. When TCP
wishes to send data, it will consult this cache to determine which
network to send the packet to. If the destination TA is not in this
cache, TCP will send a request to each of it's network layer(s)
asking if they know how to deliver data to this TA. All of the
network layers supported by the sending host will be probed, in an
order defined by the system administrator, until one responds 'yes'
or they all have said 'no'. The first layer to say 'yes' will be
used. If no path exists, an error message will be returned to the
user application. Once a network layer is identified, TCP will
communicate with it by passing the following parameters:
1) Destination address (TA or IPv4).
2) A pointer to the data buffer.
3) Options.
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The network layer will use the destination address as an index into a
cache to determine the network address to send to. In the entry is
not in the cache, it will make a DNS call to determine the network
address and a cache entry will be build (see appendix D). It is
mandatory that a cache be maintained. If a host is attached to
several different networks (i.e., a transporter) each layer will
maintain it's own cache.
When IP receives a data packet from a remote node, it will strip off
the IP header and pass a pointer to the data buffer up to TCP. IP
will also supply TCP with it's IANA network layer number. TCP may
use the source TA and the IANA number to update it's cache.
The structure of a TA is to concatenate a unique manufacture code
with a manufacturer defined variable to form a unique 64 bit number.
The unique manufacture code will be a 24 bit number, possibly the
same code as the IEEE 802.3 MAC address code. The remaining 40 bits
will be supplied by the manufacture to uniquely identify the TCP. It
is recommended that this field be built by encoding the
manufacturer's serial number. An integer serial number will be
viewed as an integer number and converted into it's hexadecimal
equivalent, left padded with 00 octets if necessary. If a serial
number contains Alpha characters, these alpha characters will be
converted into octets using the international standard ASCII code.
The integer values will then be converted to their hexadecimal
equivalent and the 2 values will be concatenated to form the unique
identifier. These structure will allow 2^24 (16,777,216)
manufactures to build 2^40 (1,099,511,627,776) transport addressable
entities. Each of these entities may have 1 or more network
interfaces using IPv4, IPng, or any other network layer protocol.
The current growth of the Internet may indicate that this amount of
address space is inadequate. A larger fixed space (i.e., 96 or 128
bits) or a variable length field may be required. The disadvantage
is that this address must be transmitted in every packet.
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4.2 TCPng
The new TCP header is as shown.
1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ Destination TA +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ Source TA +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination Port Number | ver |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Port Number | QoS |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Window Size |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ Sequence Number +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ Acknowledgment Number +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| data offset |X|X|C|A|P|R|S|F| Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Variable length option 1 /
\ : \
/ : /
\ Variable length Option n \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1
Destination TA: 64 bits.
The Destination Transport Address. The concatenation of
the 24 bit IEEE assigned Ethernet address and the 40 bit
representation of the machines serial number for the
remote node.
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Source TA: 64 Bits.
The Source Transport Address. The concatenation of the
24 bit IEEE assigned Ethernet address and the 40 bit
representation of the machines serial number for the
local node.
Destination Port Number: 28 Bits.
Identifies the specific application on the remote node.
Ver: 4 bits.
Version number. This is TCPng. RFC 793
references 9 earlier editions of ARPA TCP. The current
TCP is version 10.
Source Port Number: 28 Bits.
Identifies the specific application on the local node.
QoS: 4 bits.
The Quality of Service parameter may be set by the user
application and passed down to a network layer that
supports different levels of service.
Window: 32 Bits.
The number of data octets beginning with the one
indicated in the acknowledgment field which the sender
of this segment is willing to accept.
Sequence Number: 64 Bits.
The sequence number of the first data octet in this segment
(accept when the S bit is present). If S bit is on, the
sequence number is the initial sequence number (ISN) and
the first data octet is ISN+1. (The ISN is computed using
the existing algorithm).
Acknowledgment Number: 64 Bits.
If the A bit is set, this field contains the value of
the next sequence number the sender of this segment is
expecting to receive. Once a connection is established,
this is always sent.
Data Offset: 8 Bits.
This is the number of 32 bit words in the TCP header. This
indicates where the data begins. The TCP header is an
integral number of 32 bit words long. The minimum value is
12 and the maximum is 256. If options are used, they must
pad out to a 32 bit boundary.
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Flags: 8 Bits.
The A, P, R, S, and F flags carry the same meaning as in
the current version of TCP. They are:
1. A = Ack, and acknowledgment field significant
2. P = Push, the push function
3. R = Reset, reset the connection
4. S = Sync, synchronize sequence numbers
5. F = Fin, No more data from sender
The C bit, C = Compatibility, is used to indicate that one
end of the connection is an unmodified TCP/IP host. When
the C bit is set, all header values must conform to the
TCPv6 specifications. The source port, destination port,
and window size must be 16 bits and the Sequence and
Acknowledgment numbers must be 32 bits. These values are
stored in the lower half of the proper area with null octet
pads filling out the rest of the field.
The 2 X bits, X = Reserved, are not defined and must be
ignored by a receiving TCP.
Checksum: 16 Bits.
The checksum field has the same meaning as in the current
version of TCP. The current 96 bit pseudo header is NOT
used in calculating the checksum. The checksum covers only
the information present in this header. The checksum field
itself is set to zero for the calculation.
Variable Length Options:
There are two types of options, mandatory and optional. A
TCP must implement all known mandatory options. It must
also be capable of ignoring all optional options it does
not know about. This will allow new options to be
introduced without the fear of damage caused by unknown
options. An option field must end on a 32 bit boundary.
If not, null octet pad characters will be appended to the
right of the option. The structure of an option is shown
in figure 2 below:
Carlson & Ficarella [Page 14]
RFC 1705 Six Virtual Inches to the Left: IPng Problems October 1994
1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Option data | pad |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2
4.3 Mandatory Options
There are three mandatory options defined by this implementation of
TCP. Each of these options is implemented using the structure
pictured in figure 2 above.
A description of each field follows:
Type: 16 bits
The type field identifies the particular option.
Length: 16 bits
The length field represents the size of the option
data to follow, in octets.
Option Data: Variable Length
The option data is of variable length specified by
the length field, plus 0-3 bytes of zeros to pad to a
32-bit boundary.
The following are the 3 mandatory options that must be implemented:
Null: 8 bits
The null option, (type=0) is represented by the bit
sequence [00000000], preceded by an additional 8, zero
padding bits to fill out the full 16-bit type field. The
data may be of any size, including 0 bytes. The option may
be used to force an option to be ignored.
Maximum Segment Size: 8 bits
The maximum segment size option, (type=1) is represented by
the bit sequence [00000001] preceded by an additional 8,
zero padding bits to fill out the full 16-bit type field.
If this option is present, then it communicates the maximum
receive segment size at the TCP which sends this segment.
This potion is mandatory if sent in the initial connection
request (SYN). If it is sent on any other segment it is
advisory. The data is a 32-bit word specifying the segment
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RFC 1705 Six Virtual Inches to the Left: IPng Problems October 1994
size in octets [Ullmann, 1993].
Urgent Pointer: 8 bits
The urgent pointer, (type=2) is represented by the bit
sequence [00000010] preceded by an additional 8, zero
padding bits to fill out the full 16-bit type field. This
option emulates the urgent field in TCPv6. The data is a
64-bit sequence number identifying the last octet of urgent
data within the segment.
4.4 Optional Options
This version of TCP must be capable of accepting any unknown options.
This is to guarantee that when presented with an unrecognized option,
TCP will not crash, however it must not reject or ignore any option.
4.5 Compatibility Issues
The Internet community has a large installed base of IP users. The
resources required to operate this network, both people and machine,
is enormous. These resources will need to be preserved. The last
time a change like this took place, moving from NCP to TCP, there
were a few 100 nodes to deal with [Postel, 1981c]. A small close
knit group of engineers managed the network and mandated a one year
migration strategy. Today there are millions of nodes and thousands
of administrators. It will be impossible to convert any portion of
the Internet to a new protocol without effecting the rest of the
community.
In the worst case, users will lose communications with their peers as
some systems upgrade and others do not. In the current global
environment, this will not be tolerated. Any attempt to simply
replace the current IPv4 protocol with a new IPng protocol that does
not address compatibility issues is doomed to failure. This
reasoning has recently been realized by Ullmann (CATNIP) and he
attempts to use translators to convert from one protocol to another
(i.e., CATNIP to IPv4). The problem is what to do when incompatible
parameters are encountered. Also CATNIP would need to be replaced
every time a new network layer protocol was developed.
This proposal attempts to solve these problems by decoupling the
transport and network protocols. By allowing TCP to operate over
different network layer protocols, we will create a more stable
environment. New network layer protocols could be developed and
implemented without requiring changes that are visible to the user
community. As TCP packets flow from host-to-host they may use
several different network layers, allowing users to communicate
without having to worry about how the data is moved across the
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underlying network.
4.5.1 Backward Compatibility
It may be said that the maturity of a software package can be
determined by how much code is required to maintain compatibility
with previous versions. With the current growth of the Internet,
backward compatibility issues can not be dismissed or added in as an
after thought. This version of TCP was designed with backward
compatibility in mind. When the TCP communicates with an unmodified
IPv4 TCP/IP, it takes steps to insure compatibility. First off it
sets a bit in the header indicating that the TCP parameters (ack,
seq, port numbers, and window size) use the TCPv6 values. When
communicating directly with an unmodified host the existing TCP/IP
header is used. Only existing TCP options may be sent as well.
The advantage of this approach is that TCP transporter nodes will not
have to make decisions about how to modify packets just passing
through. It is up to the source node to build a header that is
compatible before sending it. This approach will allow any new TCP
to contact and communicate with any unmodified IPv4 host. The source
host may have an IPv4 address, or it may send data to a transporter
for delivery. The decision will be made based on the source and
destination addresses. During connection setup, the location of the
destination node is determined and the proper network layer is used
to send data.
An existing IPv4 host will be capable of opening a connection to any
new TCPng host that is directly connected to the network with an IPv4
protocol stack. If the TCPng host only has an IPng stack, the
connection attempt will fail. Some existing batch style services
(i.e., Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - SMTP) will continue to work
with the help of transporters. Interactive sessions (i.e., Telnet)
will fail. Thus, our new TCP is backward compatible, but the
existing IPv4 hosts are not forward compatible.
4.6 Level 4 Gateways
The ability to allow hosts with differing network layer protocols to
communicate will be accomplished by using a transport layer gateway
(called transporter in this paper). The transporter works just like
an IP router, receiving TCP packets from one network layer and
transporting them over to another. This switching is done by
examining the packets source and destination TA's. If a TCP packet
arrives with a destination TA that differs from this hosts TA, and
the transporter functionality is enabled, the packet should be
transported to another network layer. In some cases, the receiving
node is a host and not a transporter (i.e., transporter functionality
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RFC 1705 Six Virtual Inches to the Left: IPng Problems October 1994
disabled). In this case the host will discard the packet and return
a TCMP (see below) error message.
A transporter is not responsible for reading or formatting the TCP
header of packets it receives. The header is simply examined to
determine where to deliver the packet. When forwarding, the packet
is sent to any of the network layers the transporter supports. The
exception is that the packet may not be presented back to the network
it was received from. It is the responsibility of the network layer
to destroy undeliverable packets. If a transporter is unable to
determine which network the packet should be forwarded to, the packet
is discarded and a TCMP message is generated and returned to the
original source host. Several examples of how transporting works are
presented in appendix D.
4.7 Error Conditions
It is recognized that from time to time certain error conditions will
occur at some intermediate transporter that will need to be
communicated back to the source host. To accomplish this a Transport
Control Message Protocol (TCMP) service facility will need to be
developed. This protocol will model itself after the Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMP). The operational details are
discussed in a separate TCMP document.
5. Advantages and Disadvantages of this approach
This proposal offers the Internet community several advantages.
First, TCPng will operate over multiple network layer protocol
stacks. Users will be able to select the stack(s) that meets their
needs. The problem of IPv4 address exhaustion will be postponed as
sites move from IPv4 to IPng protocol stacks. Future IP3g protocol
stacks may be designed and deployed without major service
disruptions. The increased size of the sequence, acknowledge, and
window fields will allow applications to run effectively over high
bandwidth-delay network links. Lastly, TCPng will allow applications
to specify certain Quality of Service (QoS) parameters which may be
used by some network layer protocols (i.e., Asynchronous Transfer
Mode - ATM).
This protocol is not without it's share of design compromises. Among
these are a large packet header increased in size from 5 to 12 long
words. The addition of a TA means that network administrators must
deal with yet another network number that must be globally
maintained. Multiple network protocols may add to the complexity of
a site's network. Lastly, is the TA address space large enough so we
will not have to rebuild TCP.
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RFC 1705 Six Virtual Inches to the Left: IPng Problems October 1994
6. Conclusions
In this paper, we have reviewed the current status of the Internet
society s IPng initiative. We were struck by the enormity of the
changes required by those proposals. We felt that a different
approach was needed to allow change to occur in a controlled manner.
This approach calls for replacing the current TCP protocol with one
that does not require a specific IP layer protocol. Once this is in
place, various IPng protocols may be developed and deployed as sites
require them. Communications between IPv4 and IPng hosts will be
maintained throughout the transition period. Modified hosts will be
able to remove their IPv4 protocol stacks, while maintaining
communications with unmodified hosts by using a TCP transporter.
The title of this paper "Six Virtual Inches to the Left" comes from a
talk the author once heard. In this talk an engineer from Control
Data Corporation (CDC) told a story of CDC's attempt to build a
cryogenically cooled super computer. The idea being that the power
consumption of such a computer would be far lower then that of a
conventional super computer. As the story goes, everyone thought
this was a great idea until someone pointed out what the power
requirements of the cryo system were. The result was that all the
assumed power savings were consumed by the cryo system. The
implication being that all the power requirements were not saved but
simply moved 6 feet from the CPU to the support equipment. The moral
being that the entire system should be analyzed instead of just one
small piece.
References
[Postel, 1981a] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol - DARPA
Internet Program Protocol Specification", STD 7, RFC 793, DARPA,
September 1981.
[Halsal, 1992] Data Communications, Computer Networks, and Open
Systems.
[Meyer, Zobrist, 1990] TCP/IP versus OSI, The Battle of the
Network Standards, IEEE Potentials.
[Braden, et al, 1991] Clark, D., Chapin, L., Cer, V., Braden, R., and
R. Hobby, "Towards the Future Internet Architecture", RFC 1287,
MIT, BBN, CNRI, ISI, UCDavis, December 1991.
[Dixon, 1993] Dixon, T., "Comparison of Proposals for Next Version of
IP", RFC 1454, RARE, May 1993.
Carlson & Ficarella [Page 19]
RFC 1705 Six Virtual Inches to the Left: IPng Problems October 1994
[Fuller, et al, 1992] Fuller, V., Li, T., Yu, J., and K. Varadhan,
"Supernetting: an Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy",
RFC 1338, BARRNet, cicso, Merit, OARnet, June 1992.
[Almquist, Gross, 1992] Gross, P., and P. Almquist, "IESG
Deliberations on Routing and Addressing", RFC 1380, IESG Chair,
IESG Internet AD, November 1992.
[Postel, 1981b] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol - DARPA
Internet Program Protocol Specification", STD 7, RFC 793, DARPA,
September 1981.
[Postel, 1980] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1980.
[Postel, 1981c] Postel, J., "NCP/TCP Transition Plan", RFC 801,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, November 1981.
[Leiner, Rekhter, 1993] Leiner, B., and Y. Rekhter, "The
Multi-Protocol Internet" RFC 1560, USRA, IBM, December 1993.
[Ullmann, 1993] Ullmann, R., "TP/IX: The Next Internet", RFC 1475,
Process Software Corporation, June 1993.
Bibliography
Gilligan, Nordmark, and Hinden, "The SIPP Interoperability and
Transition Mechanism", IPAE, 1993.
Jacobson, V., and R. Braden, "TCP Extensions for Long-Delay Paths",
RFC 1072, LBL, USC/Information Sciences Institute, October 1988.
Jacobson, V., Braden, R., and D. Borman, "TCP Extensions for High
Performance", RFC 1323, LBL, USC/Information Sciences Institute, Cray
Research, May 1992.
Jacobson, V., Braden, R., and L. Zhang, "TCP Extension for High-Speed
Paths", RFC 1185, LBL, USC/Information Sciences Institute, PARC,
October 1990.
Leiner, B., and Y. Rekhter, "The Multiprotocol Internet", RFC 1560,
USRA, IBM, December 1993.
O'Malley, S., and L. Peterson, "TCP Extensions Considered Harmful",
RFC 1263, University of Arizona, October 1991.
Westine, A., Smallberg, D., and J. Postel, "Summary of Smallberg
Surveys", RFC 847, USC/Information Sciences Institute, February 1983.
Carlson & Ficarella [Page 20]
RFC 1705 Six Virtual Inches to the Left: IPng Problems October 1994
Appendix A
The minimum size of an ethernet frame is 64 bytes. With the existing
TCP/IP protocol, a minimum size frame is 18 bytes (ethernet header &
trailer) + 20 bytes (IP header) + 20 bytes (TCP header) for a total
of 58 bytes. The transmitting station must add 6 null pad characters
to this frame to make it conform to the 64 byte minimum. This new
TCP will increase the size of the TCP header to 48 bytes.
Subtracting 26 bytes (the old header and pad characters) we are left
with 22 bytes or 176 bits. The time it takes to transmit these
additional bits is the impact of this new TCP. The transmission time
for several types of media currently used is shown in the table
below. You will note that the increased times are all under 20
micro-seconds for anything over T1 speeds. User traffic patterns
vary of course but it is generally agreed that 80% of the traffic
stays at the local site. If this is true then the increased header
size has a negligible impact on communications.
Media Speed (Mbps) Rate (nsec/bit) time (usec)
------ ------------ --------------- ----------
T1 1.544 647.7 144.00
T3 44.736 22.4 3.91
Enet 10.00 100.0 17.60
FDDI 100.00 10.0 1.76
OC-1 51.84 19.3 3.40
OC-3 155.52 6.4 1.13
Appendix B
In order to support the TA, new DNS entries will need to be created.
It is hoped that this function will be accomplished automatically.
When a station is installed, the local DNS server is defined. On
power up, the station will contact this server and send it it's TA
and domain name. A server process will be listening for this type of
information, and it will collect the data, run an authorization
check, and install the TA into the DNS server. The following entry
will be made.
node.sub.domain.name IN TA xx.yy.zz.aa.bb.cc.dd.ee
ee.dd.cc.bb.aa.zz.yy.aa.in-addr.tcp IN PTR node.sub.domain.name.
Using these entries, along with the existing DNS A records, a
requesting node can determine where the remote node is located. The
format xx.yy.zz is the IEEE assigned portion and aa.bb.cc.dd.ee is
the encoded machine serial number as described in section 4.1.
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Appendix C
Proposed UDP Header
1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ Destination TA +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ Source TA +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination Port Number | ver |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Port Number | QoS |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Length | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Data /
\ : \
/ : /
\ : \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Destination TA: 64 bits.
The Destination Transport Address. The concatenation of
the 24 bit IEEE assigned Ethernet address and the 40 bit
representation of the machines serial number for the remote
node.
Source TA: 64 Bits.
The Source Transport Address. The concatenation of the 24
bit IEEE assigned Ethernet address and the 40 bit
representation of the machines serial number for the local
node.
Destination Port Number: 28 Bits.
Identifies the specific application on the remote node.
Ver: 4 bits.
This parameter the UDP version number in use within this
packet.
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RFC 1705 Six Virtual Inches to the Left: IPng Problems October 1994
Source Port Number: 28 Bits.
Identifies the specific application on the local node.
QoS: 4 bits.
The Quality of Service parameter may be set by the user
application and passed down to a network layer that
supports different levels of service.
Length: 16 bits
The length parameter represents the length of the data area
in octets. This value will be set to zero if no data is
sent within this packet.
Checksum: 16 bits
The checksum parameter has the same meaning as in the
current version of UDP. The current 96 bit pseudo header
is NOT used in calculating the checksum. The checksum
covers only the information present in this header. The
checksum field itself is set to zero for the calculation.
Data: Variable
This is the area in which the data for the datagram will be
sent. The length of this data in octets is specified by
the length parameter above.
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RFC 1705 Six Virtual Inches to the Left: IPng Problems October 1994
Appendix D
______ ______
| | | |
| H1 | | H2 |
| | | |
|______| |______|
\ / \
\ / \
========================= / \
" "/ |
" (SIPP) " |
" " |
"=========================" |
|
====================
______ " "
| | " CLNP "
| H4 | " "
| | "===================="
|______| |
\ |
\ |
=================== ___|___
" " | |
" "-------| H3 |
" IPv4 " | |
" " |_______|
"=================="
Example 1: H1 Wishes to Establish Communication with H4 (Refer to the
figure above.)
1. A user on host H1 attempts to communicate with a user
on host H4 by referencing H4 s fully qualified domain name.
2. The TCP on H1 makes a DNS call to determine the TA
address of H4.
3. The DNS call returns only the IPv4 address since H4 is
determined to be an IPv4 only host.
4. The H1 TCP builds a transmission control block (TCB)
setting the C-Bit (compatibility) "ON" since H4 is an IPv4
host. Included in the TCB will also be DA = IP-H4, SA =
TA1, DP = 1234, SP = 5000 and any state parameters
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RFC 1705 Six Virtual Inches to the Left: IPng Problems October 1994
describing the connection (port numbers are for example
purposes only).
5. The IP on H1 makes a DNS call to determine the network
IP address of H4 and correspondingly caches both the TA
address from the TCP as well as the network IP address for
later use.
6. The packet is now routed using standard SIPP procedures
to H2 this is the only path H1 has to H4.
7. H2 receives the packet from H1. The TCP on H2 checks
the destination TA of the packet and compares it to its
own. In this case it does not match, therefore the packet
should be forwarded.
8. H2 s TCP will interrogate the supported network
layer(s) and determines the packet must be forwarded to H3.
9. The TCP must now pass the packet the CLNP network
layer. The network layer checks its cache to determine if
there is a route specified for DA = IP-H4 already in the
cache. If so the cache entry is used, if not an entry is
created. H2 then routes the packet to H3 via NA3a, which
is the network layer address for IP-H4.
10. H3 receives the packet from H2. The TCP on H3 checks
the destination TA of the packet and compares it to its
own. Once again, it does not match.
11. H3, realizing that the destination address is an IPv4
host, and knowing that it itself is directly connected to
the IPv4 network constructs an IPv4 compatible header. H3
also constructs a TCB to manage the IPv4 connection.
12. The packet is sent down to be routed to the IP using
standard IP routing procedures.
13. H4 receives the packet at which point the IP on it
determines that the destination address is its own and thus
proceeds to strip off the IP header and pass the packet up
to the TCP layer.
14. The TCP layer than opens the corresponding IPV4_DP
port (2311) which forms the first half of the connection to
the application.
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RFC 1705 Six Virtual Inches to the Left: IPng Problems October 1994
15. H4 will now reply with a connection accept message,
sending the packet back to H3.
16. H3 s TCP receives the packet and based on information
in the TCB determines the packet should be delivered to H1.
H3 uses the steps outlined above to route the packet back
through the network structure.
Example 2: H2 Wishes to Establish Communication with H3 (Refer to the
figure above.)
1. A user on host H2 attempts to communicate with a user
on host H3 by referencing H3 s fully qualified domain name.
2. The TCP on H2 makes a DNS call to determine the TA
address of H3.
3. The DNS call returns the TA address for H3.
4. The H2 TCP builds a transmission control block (TCB)
setting the C-Bit (compatibility) "OFF" since H3 is an IPng
host. Included in the TCB will also be DA = TA3, SA = TA2,
DP = 1111, SP = 2222 and any state parameters describing
the connection (port numbers are for example purposes
only).
5. The IPng on H2 makes a DNS call to determine the
network IPng address of H3 and correspondingly caches both
the TA address from the TCP as well as the network IPng
address for later use.
6. The packet is now routed to H3 over the IPng supported
on that network.
7. H3 receives the packet from H2. The TCP on H3 checks
the destination TA of the packet and compares it to its
own. In this case it matches.
8. H3 s TCP will construct a TCB and respond with an open
accept message.
9. H3 s TCP will interrogate the supported network
layer(s) to determine the packet must be delivered to H2
using NA2b which is specified in its cache.
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RFC 1705 Six Virtual Inches to the Left: IPng Problems October 1994
Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
Authors' Addresses
Richard Carlson
Argonne National Laboratory
Electronics and Computing Technologies
Argonne, IL 60439
Phone: (708) 252-7289
EMail: RACarlson@anl.gov
Domenic Ficarella
Motorola
Phone: (708) 632-4029
EMail: ficarell@cpdmfg.cig.mot.com
Carlson & Ficarella [Page 27]