Network Working Group L. Coene
Request for Comments: 3257 Siemens
Category: Informational April 2002
Stream Control Transmission Protocol Applicability Statement
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document describes the applicability of the Stream Control
Transmission Protocol (SCTP). It also contrasts SCTP with the two
dominant transport protocols, User Datagram Protocol (UDP) &
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and gives some guidelines for
when best to use SCTP and when not best to use SCTP.
Table of contents
1. Introduction .................................................. 2
1.1 Terminology .................................................. 2
2 Transport protocols ............................................ 2
2.1 TCP service model ............................................ 2
2.2 SCTP service model ........................................... 3
2.3 UDP service model ............................................ 4
3 SCTP Multihoming issues ........................................ 4
4 SCTP Network Address Translators (NAT) issues [RFC2663] ........ 5
5 Security Considerations ........................................ 6
5.1 Security issues with TCP ..................................... 6
5.2 Security issues with SCTP .................................... 7
5.3 Security issues with both TCP and SCTP ....................... 8
6 References and related work .................................... 9
7 Acknowledgments ................................................ 10
Appendix A: Major functions provided by SCTP ..................... 11
Editor's Address ................................................. 12
Full Copyright Statement ......................................... 13
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1 Introduction
SCTP is a reliable transport protocol [RFC2960], which along with TCP
[RFC793], RTP [RFC1889], and UDP [RFC768], provides transport-layer
services for upper layer protocols and services. UDP, RTP, TCP, and
SCTP are currently the IETF standards-track transport-layer
protocols. Each protocol has a domain of applicability and services
it provides, albeit with some overlaps.
By clarifying the situations where the functionality of these
protocols are applicable, this document can guide implementers and
protocol designers in selecting which protocol to use.
Special attention is given to services SCTP provides which would make
a decision to use SCTP the right one.
Major functions provided by SCTP can be found in Appendix A.
1.1 Terminology
The following terms are commonly identified in this work:
Association: SCTP connection between two endpoints.
Transport address: A combination of IP address and SCTP port number.
Upper layer: The user of the SCTP protocol, which may be an
adaptation layer, a session layer protocol, or the user application
directly.
Multihoming: Assigning more than one IP network interface to a single
endpoint.
2 Transport protocols
2.1 TCP service model
TCP is a connection-oriented (a.k.a., session-oriented) transport
protocol. This means that it requires both the establishment of a
connection prior to the exchange of application data and a connection
tear-down to release system resources after the completion of data
transfer.
TCP is currently the most widely used connection-oriented transport
protocol for the Internet.
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TCP provides the upper layer with the following transport services:
- data reliability;
- data sequence preservation; and
- flow and congestion control.
2.2 SCTP service model
SCTP is also connection-oriented and provides all the transport
services that TCP provides. Many Internet applications therefore
should find that either TCP or SCTP will meet their transport
requirements. Note, for applications conscious about processing
cost, there might be a difference in processing cost associated with
running SCTP with only a single ordered stream and one address pair
in comparison to running TCP.
However, SCTP has some additional capabilities that TCP lacks and
This can make SCTP a better choice for some applications and
environments:
- multi-streams support:
SCTP supports the delivery of multiple independent user message
streams within a single SCTP association. This capability, when
properly used, can alleviate the so-called head-of-line-blocking
problem caused by the strict sequence delivery constraint imposed to
the user data by TCP.
This can be particularly useful for applications that need to
exchange multiple, logically separate message streams between two
endpoints.
- multi-homing support:
SCTP provides transparent support for communications between two
endpoints of which one or both is multi-homed.
SCTP provides monitoring of the reachability of the addresses on the
remote endpoint and in the case of failure can transparently failover
from the primary address to an alternate address, without upper layer
intervention.
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This capability can be used to build redundant paths between two SCTP
endpoints and can be particularly useful for applications that seek
transport-level fault tolerance.
Achieving path redundancy between two SCTP endpoints normally
requires that the two endpoints being equipped with multiple
interfaces assigned with multiple addresses and that routing is
configured appropriately (see Section 3).
- preservation of message boundaries:
SCTP preserves application messages boundaries. This is useful when
the application data is not a continuous byte stream but comes in
logical chunks that the receiver handles separately.
In contrast, TCP offers a reliable data stream that has no indication
of what an application may consider logical chunks of the data.
- unordered reliable message delivery:
SCTP supports the transportation of user messages that have no
application-specified order, yet need guaranteed reliable delivery.
Applications that need to send un-ordered reliable messages or prefer
using their own message sequencing and ordering mechanisms may find
this SCTP capability useful.
2.3 UDP Service model
UDP is connectionless. This means that applications that use UDP do
not need to perform connection establishment or tear-down.
As transport services to its upper layer, UDP provides only:
- best-effort data delivery, and
- preservation of message boundaries.
Applications that do not require a reliable transfer of more than a
packet's worth of data will find UDP adequate. Some transaction-
based applications fall into this category.
3 SCTP Multihoming Issues
SCTP provides transport-layer support for multihoming. Multihoming
has the potential of providing additional robustness against network
failures. In some applications, this may be extremely important, for
example, in signaling transport of PSTN signaling messages [RFC2719].
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It should be noted that SCTP multihoming support only deals with
communication between two endpoints of which one or both is assigned
with multiple IP addresses on possibly multiple network interfaces.
It does NOT deal with communication ends that contain multiple
endpoints (i.e., clustered endpoints) that can switch over to an
alternate endpoint in case of failure of the original endpoint.
Generally, for truly fault resilient communication between two end-
points, the multihoming feature needs more than one IP network
interface for each endpoint. The number of paths used is the minimum
of network interfaces used by any of the endpoints. When an endpoint
selects its source address, careful consideration must be taken. If
the same source address is always used, then it is possible that the
endpoint will be subject to the same single point of failure. When
the endpoint chooses a source address, it should always select the
source address of the packet to correspond to the IP address of the
Network interface where the packet will be emitted subject to the
binding address constraint. The binding address constraint is, put
simply, that the endpoint must never choose a source address that is
not part of the association i.e., the peer endpoint must recognize
any source address used as being part of the association.
The availability of the association will benefit greatly from having
multiple addresses bound to the association endpoint when the
endpoint is on a multi-homed host.
4 SCTP Network Address Translators (NAT) issues [RFC2663]
When two endpoints are to setup an SCTP association and one (or both)
of them is behind a NAT (i.e., it does not have any publicly
available network addresses), the endpoint(s) behind the NAT should
consider one of the following options:
(1) When single homed sessions are to be used, no transport addresses
should be sent in the INIT or INIT ACK chunk(Refer to section 3.3 of
RFC2960 for chunk definitions). This will force the endpoint that
receives this initiation message to use the source address in the IP
header as the only destination address for this association. This
method can be used for a NAT, but any multi-homing configuration at
the endpoint that is behind the NAT will not be visible to its peer,
and thus not be taken advantage of. See figure 1.
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+-------+ +---------+ *~~~~~~~~~~* +------+
|Host A | | NAT | * Cloud * |Host B|
| 10.2 +--|10.1|2.1 |----|--------------|---------+ 1.2 |
| | | | | * * | |
+-------+ +---------+ *~~~~~~~~~~* +------+
Fig 1: SCTP through NAT without multihoming
For multihoming the NAT must have a public IP address for each
represented internal IP address. The host can preconfigure an IP
address that the NAT can substitute, or, the NAT can have internal
Application Layer Gateway (ALG) which will intelligently translate
the IP addresses in the INIT and INIT ACK chunks. See Figure 2.
If Network Address Port Translation is used with a multihomed SCTP
endpoint, then any port translation must be applied on a per-
association basis such that an SCTP endpoint continues to receive the
same port number for all messages within a given association.
+-------+ +----------+ *~~~~~~~~~~* +------+
|Host A | | NAT | * Cloud * |Host B|
| 10.2 +---+ 10.1|5.2 +-----+ 1.1<+->3.1--+---------+ 1.2 |
| 11.2 +---+ 11.1|6.2 | | +->4.2--+---------+ 2.2 |
| | | | * * | |
+-------+ +----------+ *~~~~~~~~~* +------+
Fig 2: SCTP through NAT with multihoming
(2) Another alternative is to use the hostname feature and DNS to
resolve the addresses. The hostname is included in the INIT of the
association or in the INIT ACK. The hostname must be resolved by DNS
before the association is completely set up. There are special
issues regarding NAT and DNS, refer to RFC2694 for details.
5 Security Considerations
In this section, some relevant security issues found in the
deployment of the connection-oriented transport protocols will be
discussed.
5.1 Security issues with TCP
Some TCP implementations have been known to be vulnerable to blind
denial of service attacks, i.e., attacks that had been executed by an
attacker that could not see most of the traffic to or from the target
host.
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The attacker would send a large number of connection establishment
requests (TCP-SYN packets) to the attacked target, possibly from
faked IP source addresses. The attacked host would reply by sending
SYN-ACK packets and entering SYN-received state, thereby allocating
space for a TCB. At some point the SYN-queue would fill up, (i.e.,
the number of connections waiting to be established would rise to a
limit) and the host under attack would have to start turning down new
connection establishment requests.
TCP implementations with SYN-cookies algorithm [SYN-COOK] reduce the
risk of such blind denial of service attacks. TCP implementations
can switch to using this algorithm in times when their SYN-queues are
filled up while still fully conforming to the TCP specification
[RFC793]. However, use of options such as a window scale [RFC1323],
is not possible, then. With the SYN-cookie mechanism, a TCB is only
created when the client sends back a valid ACK packet to the server,
and the 3-way handshake has thus been successfully completed.
Blind connection forgery is another potential threat to TCP. By
guessing valid sequence numbers, an attacker would be able to forge a
connection. However, with a secure hashsum algorithm, for some of
the current SYN-cookie implementations the likelihood of achieving
this attack is on the order of magnitude of 1 in 2^24, i.e., the
attacker would have to send 2^24 packets before obtaining one forged
connection when SYN-cookies are used.
5.2 Security issues with SCTP
SCTP has been designed with the experiences made with TCP in mind.
To make it hard for blind attackers (i.e., attackers that are not
man-in-the-middle) to inject forged SCTP datagrams into existing
associations, each side of an SCTP association uses a 32 bit value
called "Verification Tag" to ensure that a datagram really belongs to
the existing association. So in addition to a combination of source
and destination transport addresses that belong to an established
association, a valid SCTP datagram must also have the correct tag to
be accepted by the recipient.
Unlike in TCP, usage of cookie in association establishment is made
mandatory in SCTP. For the server, a new association is fully
established after three messages (containing INIT, INIT-ACK, COOKIE-
ECHO chunks) have been exchanged. The cookie is a variable length
parameter that contains all relevant data to initialize the TCB on
the server side, plus a HMAC used to secure it. This HMAC (MD5 as
per [RFC1321] or SHA-1 [SHA1]) is computed over the cookie and a
secret, server-owned key.
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As specifically prescribed for SCTP implementations [RFC2960],
additional resources for new associations may only be reserved in
case a valid COOKIE-ECHO chunk is received by a client, and the
computed HMAC for this new cookie matches that contained in the
cookie.
With SCTP the chances of an attacker being able to blindly forge a
connection are even lower than in the case of TCP using SYN-cookies,
since the attacker would have to guess a correct value for the HMAC
contained in the cookie, i.e., lower than 1 in 2^128 which for all
practical purposes is negligible.
It should be noted that SCTP only tries to increase the availability
of a network. SCTP does not contain any protocol mechanisms that are
directly related to user message authentication, integrity and
confidentiality functions. For such features, it depends on the
IPsec protocols and architecture and/or on security features of the
application protocols.
Transport Layer security(TLS)[RFC2246] using SCTP must always use
in-order streams.
Currently the IPSEC working group is investigating the support of
multi-homing by IPSEC protocols. At the present time to use IPSEC,
one must use 2 * N * M security associations if one endpoint uses N
addresses and the other M addresses.
5.3 Security Issues with both TCP and SCTP
It is important to note that neither TCP nor SCTP protect itself from
man-in-the-middle attacks where an established session might be
hijacked (assuming the attacker can see the traffic from and inject
its own packets to either endpoints).
Also, to prevent blind connection/session setup forgery, both TCP
implementations supporting SYN-cookies and SCTP implementations rely
on a server-known, secret key to protect the HMAC data. It must be
ensured that this key is created subject to the recommendations
mentioned in [RFC1750].
Although SCTP has been designed carefully as to avoid some of the
problems that have appeared with TCP, it has as of yet not been
widely deployed. It is therefore possible that new security issues
will be identified that will have to be addressed in further
revisions of [RFC2960].
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6 References and related work
[RFC2960] Stewart, R., Xie, Q., Morneault, K., Sharp, C.,
Schwarzbauer, H., Taylor, T., Rytina, I., Kalla, M.,
Zhang, L. and V. Paxson, "Stream Control Transmission
Protocol", RFC 2960, October 2000.
[RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
[RFC2663] Srisuresh, P. and M. Holdrege, "IP Network Address
Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations", RFC
2663, August 1999.
[RFC2694] Srisuresh, P., Tsirtsis, G., Akkiraju, P. and A.
Heffernan, "DNS extensions to Network Address Translators
(DNS_ALG)", RFC 2694, September 1999.
[RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
August 1980.
[RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC
793, September 1981.
[RFC2719] Ong, L., Rytina, I., Garcia, M., Schwarzbauer, H., Coene,
L., Lin, H., Juhasz, I., Holdrege, M. and C. Sharp,
"Architectural Framework for Signaling Transport", RFC
2719, October 1999.
[RFC1321] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
April 1992.
[RFC1323] Jacobson, V., Braden, R. and D. Borman, "TCP Extensions
for High Performance", RFC 1323, May 1992.
[RFC1750] Eastlake, D., Crocker, S. and J. Schiller, "Randomness
Recommendations for Security", RFC 1750, December 1994.
[SHA1] NIST FIPS PUB 180-1, "Secure Hash Standard," National
Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of
Commerce, April 1995.
[SYNCOOK] Dan J. Bernstein, SYN cookies, 1997, see also
<http://cr.yp.to/syncookies.html>
[RFC2246] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
RFC 2246, January 1999.
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[RFC1889] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R. and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", RFC 1889, January 1996.
7 Acknowledgments
This document was initially developed by a design team consisting of
Lode Coene, John Loughney, Michel Tuexen, Randall R. Stewart,
Qiaobing Xie, Matt Holdrege, Maria-Carmen Belinchon, Andreas
Jungmaier, Gery Verwimp and Lyndon Ong.
The authors wish to thank Renee Revis, I. Rytina, H.J. Schwarzbauer,
J.P. Martin-Flatin, T. Taylor, G. Sidebottom, K. Morneault, T.
George, M. Stillman, N. Makinae, S. Bradner, A. Mankin, G. Camarillo,
H. Schulzrinne, R. Kantola, J. Rosenberg, R.J. Atkinson, and many
others for their invaluable comments.
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Appendix A: Major functions provided by SCTP
- Reliable Data Transfer
- Multiple streams to help avoid head-of-line blocking
- Ordered and unordered data delivery on a per-stream basis
- Bundling and fragmentation of user data
- TCP friendly Congestion and flow control
- Support continuous monitoring of reachability
- Graceful termination of association
- Support of multi-homing for added reliability
- Some protection against blind denial-of-service attacks
- Some protection against blind masquerade attacks
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8 Editor's Address
Lode Coene
Siemens Atea
Atealaan 34
B-2200 Herentals
Belgium
Phone: +32-14-252081
EMail: lode.coene@siemens.atea.be
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9. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
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